2. Past Efforts

Based on historical evidence, land management and administration in Nepal started from the Lichhavi period, but the history of land management based on use is not very old. According to Prithvi Narayan Shah's statement, "If there is a village in the place of Shani Bhaya, even if the village is moved to another land, even if there is a house in the land, all the villages are cut and settled in the land, and the herbs of their country are taken to the country and the money is drawn" in Nepal, since his reign, land It can be understood that there was an awareness that it should be used appropriately. Also V.No. In 1910, during the reign of the then king Surendra Shah, various provisions related to land management have been laid down in the civil law. In modern times, land related laws such as Land (Survey) Act 2019, Civil Act, 2020, Land related palaces, Land related Act 2021, Land Administration Act, 2024, Land Land Act, 2034, etc., take the data of existing land, encourage new land acquisition and Priority is given only to the collection of goods, while all aspects of proper land use and management are not addressed. Similarly, based on the reports of the Forest Strengthening Commission and Committees formed at different times for the management of forest areas, when the issue of protecting the forest area started to arise, the work of delineating the forest area was done. It seems that an attempt has been made to prevent the encroachment of forest areas by creating laws such as Private Forest Nationalization Act 2013, Forest Act 2018, Forest Protection (Special Provisions) Act 2024, Khark Land Nationalization Act 2031, Forest Act 2049. The government's policy of maintaining 40 percent forest area of ​​the entire land area can be taken as a positive effort towards protecting the forest area. In order to develop orderly urbanization in the country, the government implemented the Urban Development Committee Act, 2045 and started the work of providing orderly housing in urban areas through Urban Development Committees. However, operations have started with various long-term plans and thinkingUrban development plans could not be continued due to conflict and various other reasons. Due to this, the process of unorganized settlements around the highways and in the urban areas has accelerated, and the work of establishing an orderly city and controlling unorganized settlements has not been successful as expected. Similarly, although the Grameen Awas Company Limited (the then Rehabilitation Company) provided some assistance in the work of providing systematic resettlement, this step was not able to proceed according to the concept of land use. In view of the need to classify the land on the basis of use after a long time, the Eighth Amendment 2057 of the Land (Survey) Act, 2019 and the Land (Survey) Regulations, 2058 provide for the classification of land in agricultural areas and commercial and residential areas. Under this process, the classification of land based on the above-mentioned capacity is basically adopted only in the areas to be re-measured, so it does not seem to be able to classify the entire land of the country, and there is no mention in the law about the use according to the classification. It seems that through the Local Self-Government Act, 2055 and Regulations, 2056, local bodies have been made responsible for land-use related matters. These Acts and Regulations provide for the preparation of land use plans, preparation of land resource maps, planting of trees in the surrounding land and hills, Bhir Pakho, construction of cultural heritage areas, planning necessary to control land erosion and rivers, protection of forests, vegetation and biological diversity. It is found that local bodies are held responsible for actions such as preventing the encroachment of public government land. To bring land-use-related arrangements more effectively into the legal scope, V.No. Act on Land in 2058, Fifth Amendment in 2021 and V.No. In 2060, the land related rules were amended fourteenth in 2021 and various provisions were added. Accordingly, land use council should be formed, land should be classified based on use, land in one use should be used for another use.There are provisions such as not to be found, conducting land use programs, controlling fragmentation of land and encouraging chaklavandi. In this perspective, in order to prepare the necessary infrastructure for land use, in 1985, the land resource map project was conducted under the surveying department and 1: 50,000, 1: 125,000, and 1: 500,000 manaps, including land use maps and technical reports on various topics related to land resources. Although they have been prepared, it seems that those maps have not been used properly in land management. V.No. In 2057, the National Land Use Project was established under the Ministry of Land Reforms and Management, and the work of updating such maps is underway.